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It is an unfortunate reality that I must add this set of statements before proceeding with the etymology, especially since we had largely overcome most of the nonsense and foolishness and bigotry by the 1980s and seemed to be free from it all by the mid 1990s. Unfortunately, the insane and foolish who were able and allowed to return and slip into all sorts of areas of our Eruopean and American cultures screwed that up again. Some just cannot accept or recognize racism is its own expression of mental illness and generalized stupidity. Also, Druans are not the kind of people to sign anything they do not agree with in any situation or subject. It's just the quality of the Druish people. 

We Do Not Parody Other Religions

  • What Parody Religions Do:

    • Parody religions mock, insult, and exaggerate other people’s spiritual beliefs.

    • Druwayu rejects such behavior as reductive and childish.

  • Our Approach:

    • We engage in self-parody and playful commentary but only about ourselves or stereotypes.

    • We avoid targeting other beliefs because this mirrors historical persecutions (e.g., the Inquisition, witch trials, or the Satanic Panic).

  • Position on Hypocrisy:

    • Parodying others while claiming moral superiority is hypocritical.

    • Such behavior often fosters hostility and can lead to violence, which Druwayu disavows.

 

Stance on Social-Political Correctness

  • Autonomy and Expression:

    • Druans and the Drusidu reject imposed cultural or political correctness.

    • Druwayu is based on autonomous self-determination and being True to Ourselves.

    • We do not conform to external demands or movements.

 

Personal Expression Within Druwayu

  • Encouraged Creativity:

    • Literary, artistic, theological, and philosophical interpretations of Druwayu are welcome.

    • Personal expressions must respect Druwayu’s structure and identity.

  • Boundaries:

    • Druwayu is not "whatever" someone wants it to be. Personal interpretations must avoid absurdity or intentional deviation from principles.

 

Druwayu Is Not Ethnocentric

  • Inclusivity within Reason:

    • Druwayu is not tied to race, ethnicity, or an ethnocentric agenda.

    • All individuals are welcome, regardless of skin color or origin.

    • We will reject clear and obvious nonsense no matter how hard it is pushed (example; you're a human being, not an insect or a fish no matter what you demand us to say to the contrary. We will not be forced to submit). 

  • Rejection of Equating Language and Race:

    • We reject the idea that language or national pride equates to racism.

    • Druwayu does not align with divisive or exclusionary ideologies.

Now, on to the etymology...

There are three core, and important naming conventions when it comes to this tradition. I have always intended these core concepts to be fundamental, foundational themes so that regardless how Druwayu may evolve over time and which directions it may go, these are to remain essential and consistent so as to truly be a unifying force and a shared identity.  

  • Druwayu: Derived from the Gaulish root dru, meaning "true," "strong," or "enduring," and wayu, meaning "course," "direction," or "carry." Together, it signifies "True Ways," embodying the concept of a dedicated path and the pursuit of impersonal truth.

    • Culturally, it signifies a commitment to an impersonal and enduring truth, suggesting a community or philosophy deeply rooted in sincerity, resilience, and the pursuit of higher understanding.

    • It serves as a guiding principle or foundation for cultural identity.

  • Druan: Combining dru (true, strong, enduring) with an (one, singular, individual), this term translates to "True One." It symbolizes honesty with oneself and others, as well as self-dedication as an adherent to Druwayu principles. A Druan identifies culturally as Druish.

    • A Druan's self-dedication to Druwayu reflects not only individual values but also a sense of belonging to a greater cultural or philosophical tradition.

    • The identity of being culturally "Druish" further hints at a collective ethos built around shared ideals of truth, strength, and dedication.

  • Drusidu: From dru (true, strong, enduring) and sidu or sed (seat, sit), this term means "True Seats." It represents the council as enduring and dedicated chairs, signifying stability and commitment to their roles. It reflects the cultural importance of leadership, governance, or guidance that aligns with the enduring truth central to Druwayu.

    • This signifies a deep respect for collective decision-making and the responsibility of those in leadership positions as part of the people, not superior or inferior to them.

Together, these terms weave a cultural narrative centered around truth, resilience, and a shared journey. They may be part of a conceptual framework that honors both individual dedication and communal values. If this is part of a larger world-building effort for a cultural revival of true rather than false pride, within a beautifully rich and meaningful tradition. The influence of terms like Druwayu, Druan, and Drusidu on modern cultural practices likely depends on how they are interpreted and integrated into contemporary frameworks. Here's an exploration of their potential impact of which I am very much aware:

  1. Personal Philosophy and Identity: The concept of Druwayu as "True Ways" may inspire individuals to live with authenticity and integrity. This could manifest as a personal commitment to ethical practices, self-improvement, and the pursuit of universal truths, shaping modern philosophies and guiding individual behavior.

  2. Community and Belonging: The idea of a Druan, or "True One," emphasizes self-honesty and connection to a shared cultural or philosophical identity. In modern times, this could influence the creation of communities that value authenticity, respect, and mutual dedication, fostering strong bonds among members.

  3. Governance and Leadership: The notion of Drusidu, or "True Seats," represents enduring and principled leadership. In a contemporary context, this could inspire organizations or councils to prioritize stability, fairness, and dedication, potentially influencing leadership models and governance structures.

  4. Cultural Revivals or Movements: Terms like these, rooted in ancient languages and traditions, often find relevance in modern cultural revivals or neo-traditionalist movements. They could inform rituals, practices, or festivals that celebrate heritage while adapting to present-day values.

  5. Creative and Educational Spaces: These terms could be used to inspire storytelling, world-building, or educational initiatives. For instance, they might serve as the foundation for fictional cultures, philosophical schools of thought, or linguistic studies, enriching creative and intellectual endeavors.

 

If these terms are part of a living cultural or philosophical framework, they might continue to evolve, influencing diverse areas such as spirituality, ethics, or even art and literature. The emphasis on truth, dedication, and integrity gives them a timeless quality that resonates across eras. This should never, however, be applied in the sense of "social activism" which often tries to forcefully change others by imposing themselves upon one another. 

Druwayu, in its essence, represents a philosophy of truth, dedication, and self-determined paths, prioritizing personal and communal growth without imposition or coercion. It aligns with the belief that enduring change and harmony come through example and inspiration rather than force. However, Druwayu also values independence and resilience, ensuring that it is not blindly pacifist and retains the strength to defend itself when necessary.

Key Principles and Contrasts

  1. Peaceful Self-Growth: At the heart of Druwayu is the principle of self-honesty and dedication to impersonal truth. This involves an ongoing commitment to personal development, ethical practices, and respect for others' autonomy. This ethos stands in contrast to ideological movements that rely on coercion or social pressure to achieve conformity.

  2. Voluntary Community-Building: Druwayu encourages building strong, harmonious communities through voluntary collaboration and shared ideals. Leadership, represented by Drusidu ("True Seats"), is grounded in stability, fairness, and mutual respect. Unlike some modern social movements, which may seek to impose agendas, Druwayu fosters relationships rooted in freedom of thought and shared truth.

  3. Independence and Non-Pacifism: While Druwayu champions peaceful coexistence, it is not a doctrine of passive submission. The emphasis on "enduring truth" acknowledges that there may be times when standing firm against external threats or disruptions is necessary to protect one’s integrity or community. This independence sets it apart from purely pacifist ideologies.

 

Historical Peaceful Movements as Inspiration

Druwayu's emphasis on peaceful shaping through example mirrors several historical movements that achieved lasting impact without resorting to force:

  • Quakerism (Religious Society of Friends): Emphasized simplicity, integrity, and peace, advocating for change through personal example and moral persuasion.

  • Mahatma Gandhi’s Nonviolent Resistance: Led India’s independence movement through civil disobedience and self-reliance, fostering unity while opposing oppression.

  • The Civil Rights Movement (United States): Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership focused on nonviolent action and peaceful advocacy for justice and equality, serving as a model for constructive social change.

 

Druwayu’s Distinction

Unlike many modern ideological movements, which may focus on activism aimed at reshaping society according to specific agendas, Druwayu values individual paths and organic cultural growth. Its rejection of forceful or coercive practices ensures that its principles remain rooted in integrity, personal choice, and mutual respect.

This philosophy offers a framework for shaping a community based on shared truth and enduring values, while respecting the diversity and autonomy of its members. It provides an alternative to the divisive and confrontational approaches often seen in ideological movements, advocating instead for unity through inspiration and example.

WARLOCK:

 

The most commonly accepted etymology derives warlock from the Old English wǣrloga, a later spelling of warlogan and waerlogan. We shall prove here that its meaning is derived from a plural meaning lawman, not oath breakers. Rather than bombard one with a long and complicated list. I shall keep it down to the basics within reason for cited references out of necessity. More Sources of Warlocks and Witches from Dictionaries of the Scots Language (DSL)

Warlogan in the Heliand

  • Text: Heliand (c. 830 AD), Song 16, Line 1355: "Thô spracun thie warlogan te thiu, thie thar ûta stôdun" ("Then spoke the lawmen to them, those who stood outside").

  • Context: The warlogan are Pharisees, Jewish legal authorities in the Gospel narrative (e.g., Matthew 26–27), questioning Christ’s trial.

    • Cultural Note: Early Christian texts critique them as betrayers ("sons of the Devil," John 8:44, in later tradition), but Heliand shows them as lawmen, not "oathbreakers." This critique was later misapplied to all Jews, fueling antisemitism, and conflated with "warlocks" via linguistic error.

  • Translation:

    • "Then the lawmen [Pharisees] spoke to them, those who stood outside."

    • Warlogan: /wɛːrlóʊn/, from wer ("man," /wɛːr/, as in wɛ́ːwʉlf) + logan ("laws," /lóʊn/).

  • Etymology:

    • Wer: Proto-Germanic weraz ("man"), akin to Latin Vir.

    • Logan: Proto-Germanic lagą ("law"), plural of log (/ló/).

Wærlogan in Andreas: 

  • Text: Andreas (Old English, c. 9th–10th century), Line 70–71: "Gif ðīn willa sīe, wuldres aldor, þæt mē wǽrlogan wǽpna ecgum sculan scite hearde" ("If it be your will, Lord of glory, that the lawmen with weapon-edges should sharply harm me").

  • Context: Andrew faces executioners (Mermedonian authorities), termed wærlogan.

    • Cultural Note: The term echoes Heliand’s Pharisees-as-lawmen, inheriting their antagonist role. Later Christian tradition smeared them as "traitors," extending this to Jewish identity and "warlocks/witches" via misreading.

  • Translation:

    • "If it be your will, Lord of glory, that the lawmen with weapon-edges should sharply harm me."

    • Wærlogan: /wɛːrlóʊn/, from wær ("man," /wɛːr/) + logan ("laws," /lóʊn/).

  • Etymology:

    • Wær: Old English wer (weraz, "man").

    • Logan: Cognate with Old Saxon logan (lagą).

  • Spelling Variants:

    • Warlowe, warlow, warlou, werloh, werlou, werlawe, warlouʒ, wærlogan, warloghe, wârlogo, warlau, warlawe, warlagh(e), warlau, werlau(ghe), warlagh, warlach, warlag, waerlaeg, warloc, warlok, warlage, warthel-, werlok, wirlok, wīrlēah, worloi, worley, wyrley, warlaʒes, worlais, warlais, warlois, werlah, and werlahe.  

  • Related Terms:

    • Warlockery, Warlockcraft/Warloghecræft, Warlocked.  

 

In Druwayu, the term could be reinterpreted to signify an individual who actively questions or examines the norms of their society, dedicating themselves to truth and rational principles. A Warlock, therefore, embodies the role of a seeker or challenger of convention, reflecting Druwayu's emphasis on personal integrity and rational exploration.

WITCH:

 

This one is going to be a bit more because it's not only the most recent of the two titles, but the one the most commonly falsified by a variety of sources pushing their own pseudohistory and linguistic fictions and blatant intentional distortions. It won't be difficult to clarify either.

Etymology of "Witch" (Wicce/Wicca): 

  • Singular: Wicce or Wicca (feminine only).

    • Pronunciation: /ˈwiʧʧe/ ("witch-eh"), Old English "ʧ" as "ch" in "church."

    • Meaning: A female oracle who "calls" or "speaks" to spirits, often as a counselor, not inherently evil.

    • Root: From Latin vica/vice ("speak"), via Old Slavic veche and Old Russian веча (vecha, "speak, call"), through Danish wecha to "witch." Also, Old Saxon wiccian ("to divine") and Middle Low German wicken (13th century, "to prophesy").

    • First Source: Dōmbōc, 893 CE, Old Anglo-Saxon.

  • Plural: Wiccan (feminine plural).

    • Pronunciation: /ˈweːʧʧen/ ("wech-en"), not /ˈwick-an/.

    • Modern "Witch": 16th-century spelling with "t" (witch), from wiccan.

  • Spelling Variants: Veche, vicce, veech, vecha, viche, vich, vicht, vecht, vetch, wech, wecha, weche, wich, wicha, wicht, wecht, wichta, wicche-, wichua, wichche-, wichen, wichen(e), wuche-, wuches, whicche-, whicces-, wheche-, whuche, whiche—all feminine, like city/cittie.

  • Related Terms: Witchery, Witchcraft/Wiccecræft, bewitched—acts of "calling" or divining.

Wicce/Wicca/Wiccan in Sources

  1. Dōmbōc (893 CE):

    • Text: "Ða fæmnan þe gewuniað onfon gealdorcræftigan & scinlæcan & wiccan, ne læt þu ða libban."

    • Corrected Translation: "The women who are accustomed to receiving golden crafts and skin/shine plays and female oracles, do not let thou they live!"

      • Ða fæmnan: "The women."

      • þe: "who."

      • gewuniað: "are accustomed to."

      • onfon: "receiving."

      • gealdor: "golden" (from geald, "gold," figurative for reward).

      • cræftigan: "crafts."

      • scinlæcan: "skin/shine plays" (performances, illusions).

      • wiccan: "female oracles."

      • ne læt þu ða libban: "No let thou they live."

    • Context: Wiccan (/ˈweːʧʧen/) are oracles receiving payments or performing, not evil witches.

  2. Ælfric’s Homilies (Late 10th Century):

    • Text 1: "Ne sceal se cristena befrinan þa fulan wiccan be his gesundfulnysse."

    • Corrected Translation: "No shall the Christian befriend the fouled female oracles by his sound-fullness."

      • Ne sceal: "No shall."

      • se cristena: "the Christian."

      • befrinan: "befriend" (consult/seek).

      • þa fulan wiccan: "the fouled female oracles."

      • be his gesundfulnysse: "by his sound-fullness" (health/prosperity).

      • Context: Wiccan (/ˈweːʧʧen/) are oracles, not sorceresses; "fouled" is Christian bias.

    • Text 2: "Nu segð se wyrdwritere þæt seo wicce sceolde aræran þa of deaþe þone Drihtnes witegan Samuhel gehaten."

    • Corrected Translation: "Now sayeth the word-writer that the female oracle should raise they of death those Lord’s witnesses Samuel hasten."

      • Nu segð: "Now sayeth."

      • se wyrdwritere: "the word-writer" (chronicler).

      • þæt seo wicce: "that the female oracle."

      • sceolde aræran: "should raise."

      • þa of deaþe: "they of death."

      • þone Drihtnes witegan Samuhel gehaten: "those Lord’s witnesses Samuel hasten."

      • Context: Wicce (/ˈwiʧʧe/) is an oracle raising spirits (1 Samuel 28), not inherently evil; tone shifts later.

  3. Halitgar’s Penitential (11th-Century Addition):

    • Text: "Swa wiccan tæcaþ" ("sway witches teach").

    • Context: Wiccan (/ˈweːʧʧen/) added by an Old English translator, showing oracular teaching as in swaying one/winning one over, not witchcraft—a deliberate shift, and misrepresentation of the context of craft as an "evil deed."

  4. John Lydgate’s The Order of Fools (Pre-1449):

    • Text: "A lusty galaunt that weddit an old wicche, / For gret tresour, because his purs is bare..."

    • Translation: "A lusty gallant that weds an old witch, / For great treasure because his purse is bare..."

    • Context: Wicche (/ˈwiʧʧe/) is feminine, linked phonetically (not etymologically) to bicche (/ˈbiʧʧe/, "female dog"), a greedy marriage, not sorcery. 

    • Poem cited:

A lusty galaunt that weddit an old wicche,
For gret tresour, because his purs is bare;
An hungry huntere þIt handeth hym a bicche,
Nemel of mouth, for to mordre an hare;
Nyht riotours that wil no wareyn spare,
With-oute licence or ony lyberte,
Tyl sodeyn perel brynge hem in þe snare,
A ppreperatyf that they shal neuer the.

"A lusty gallant that weds an old witch
For great treasure because his purse is bare;
A hungry hunter that hands him a bitch,
Quick to bite in order to kill a hare;
Night rioters that will no warren spare,
Without license or any liberty,
Till sudden peril brings them into the snare,
A preparation so that they should never thrive."

Fallacies and Misrepresentations

  • Witch (Wicce/Wicca):

    • Original: Female oracle (Dōmbōc, Ælfric), from vica/vice ("speak").

    • Misread: Evil sorceress (Christian bias), not bicche ("dog"). Modern lies (e.g., "coven betrayer," post-1950s) lack evidence.

  • Warlogan:

    • Original: "Lawmen" (Heliand, Andreas).

    • Misread: "Oathbreakers," via wǽrloga ("pledge-liar"), fueling antisemitism and warlock stigma.

  • Warlock:

    • Source: John Dryden (1672–1673): "Warlock, in Scotland is applied to a man whom the vulgar supposed to be conversant with spirits, as a woman who carries on the same commerce is called a witch."

    • Etymology: Old Saxon (Heliand), not Scottish origin; wer ("man") + log ("law"), later spirit-caller, not "traitor."

  • Modern Distortions:

    • Feminist Lies: Claims like "warlock = coven betrayer" (1950s+) or "witch = immoral woman" is baseless (e.g., Doreen Valiente’s occult spin).

    • Scottish Claim: Dryden notes usage, not origin; it’s Old Saxon (Heliand), not Scottish.

In Druwayu, the title of Witch emphasizes the wisdom and guidance associated with the historical role, but it is stripped of supernatural elements. Instead, the Witch becomes a rational counselor, advisor, and seeker of knowledge.

Simplified Etymology

  • Warlock: From Warlogan/Wærlogan: "Lawmen" (/ wôr-läk/wɛːrlóʊn /), Heliand/Andreas.

  • Witch: From Wicce/Wicca: Orracle/Speaker (/ˈwiʧʧe /), feminine oracle, Dōmbōc. Plural: Wiccan (/ˈweːʧʧen/).

Compatibility with Druwayu’s Teachings:

  1. Personal Integrity: Both titles reflect Druwayu's emphasis on truth and self-dedication. A Warlock questions societal norms to align with enduring truth, while a Witch embodies wisdom and rational guidance.

  2. Rationality over Supernatural: By abandoning the supernatural and fantasy-based connotations, these titles focus on rationality, logic, and ethical responsibility, perfectly aligning with Druwayu's teachings.

  3. Cultural and Philosophical Identity: These reinterpreted roles create a distinct cultural framework within Druwayu, emphasizing individuality, knowledge, and dedication to truth without imposing beliefs on others.

On the Proper Use of Titles "Warlock" and "Witch"

  1. Rejecting Supernatural and Occult Associations:

    • Druwayu disassociates itself from mysticism, occultism, and esoteric traditions. Titles like "Warlock" and "Witch" are reclaimed in their historical and linguistic context, devoid of magical or supernatural connotations.

  2. Grounded in Rationality and Integrity:

    • Warlock is established as a proper male title and Witch as a proper female title based on historical accuracy, despite opposition from modern sources rooted in occult or fantastical reinterpretations.

    • The rejection of demands to conform to occult-based narratives underscores Druwayu's commitment to truth and rational consistency.

  3. Critique of Modern Rejections:

    • Opposition to the use of these titles often stems from personal biases and self-indoctrinated dogmatism, rather than factual accuracy. These critics frequently contradict their own professed values of integrity and consistency by engaging in hypocritical behavior to justify their stances.

Facts to Consider Regarding "Wicce," "Wicca," and perpetuated Etymology Errors

  1. Jeffrey Russell's Work and Its Flaws:

    • In his 1980 book A History of Witchcraft, Professor Jeffrey Russell claimed that wicca (male witch), wicce (female witch), and the verb wiccian meant witchcraft and were derived from Old English. However, his assertions lacked a solid historical basis and have been discredited.

  2. Saxo Grammaticus and Wicca as a Female Name:

    • In the 13th century, Saxo Grammaticus, a Danish historian and theologian, used the word wicca in his Gesta Danorum (Book 3). He recorded the name "Wecha," which aligns with wicca as a distinctly female name, contradicting claims that wicca was exclusively masculine.

  3. Misinterpretations by Occultists and Linguistic Sources:

    • Lewis Spence's An Encyclopedia of Occultism (1920) inaccurately proposed that Saxon wicca was a contraction of witega (prophet or sorcerer). This claim has no historical validity.

    • Walter W. Skeat, in his 1901 A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, further propagated inaccuracies by associating wicce and wicca with figurative meanings like "to turn aside" or "to conjure away." While Skeat's acknowledgment of witegan as a term for "seer" was closer to the truth, his other interpretations were speculative and have been debunked.

  4. Misleading Modern Etymological Theories:

    • Various modern etymological speculations have toyed with the roots of these words:

      • The Brothers Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch connected wikkōn to Gothic weihs ("sacred"), derived from Proto-Indo-European *(PIE) weik- ("to separate, to divide"), likely referencing early Germanic cleromancy practices.

      • R. Lühr connected wigol ("prophetic, mantic") and wīglian ("to practice divination") to Proto-Germanic wigōn, which has been shown to lack historical or linguistic consistency with wicca.

  5. Feminine Origins of Wicce and Wicca:

    • The basic form is feminine: wicce < wikkæ < wikkōn (plural). The palatalization of -cc- (/t͡ʃ/) in wicca aligns with early Ingvaeonic linguistic developments. As demonstrated in the 13th-century name Wecha, wicca was understood as a feminine singular term, akin to Slavic vecha/veche.

Reiterations:

Historical and Linguistic Integrity of Titles

I have carefully reexamined the historical and linguistic origins of the terms Warlock and Witch, rejecting the embellished mysticism often associated with them. These titles are not so much reclaimed as much as restored to proper senses and contexts, and not as catch-all terms of the occult but as dignified roles reflecting enduring truth, integrity, and wisdom. Perhaps one can say I have properly rehabilitated both of them, though its now up to others to reinforce this. 

My approach ensures that the titles Warlock and Witch are firmly grounded in rational reinterpretation, careful re-examination of etymology, and linguistic accuracy. It avoids the often embellished mystical and fantastical associations that many other spiritual or cultural traditions claim or impose upon these titles—often disregarding their factual meanings and linguistic origins. Unlike other systems, which may only align superficially with one or two of these domains, Druwayu demonstrates a profound and integrated commitment to deeper connections and considerations.

Within the confines of Druwayu, I have been respectful to these two titles, so they are celebrated as not only proper clergy titles, but become in themselves symbols of dedication to truth, wisdom, and rational inquiry. This reflects the unique and thoughtful nature of Druwayu, which is rooted in the theological, philosophical, and scientific layers of its framework.

  1. Warlock:

    • Grounded in its proper masculine usage, the Warlock serves as a rational seeker and examiner of societal norms. This role combines the intellectual dedication of a scholar with the moral responsibilities of a priest, emphasizing the pursuit of truth and rational inquiry.

  2. Witch:

    • A term exclusively feminine in its origins (wicce), the Witch embodies the qualities of a rational counselor and wisdom-seeker. The Witch reflects the principles of truth, reason, and guidance, without any association with supernatural or magical practices.

 

Same Roles, Same Goals: Both Warlocks and Witches within Druwayu pursue truth, wisdom, and integrity. However, their roles remain distinctly gendered to honor the historical linguistic origins of these terms. To ensure clarity, terms like Warlockcraft or Witchcraft are not used, as Druwayu maintains a focus on the rational "craft" of a profession or trade, free from supernatural associations.

Distinguishing Features of Druwayu

  1. Rejection of Nonsensical Mysticism:

    • Druwayu’s titles and practices are firmly rooted in rational and secular principles. The framework disavows connections to witchcraft, occult traditions, esoteric schools, or mysticism. There are no secret alphabets, languages, or claims of ties to Atlantis or other mythological origins.

  2. Unique and Independent Philosophy:

    • While Druwayu may share thematic overlaps with other groups, such as a dedication to truth or the development of personal integrity, it stands as a distinct cultural and philosophical framework. Druwayu’s emphasis on rationality and depth sets it apart from more superficial or dogmatic systems.

  3. Historical Support for Titles:

    • The alignment of Warlock as a male title and Witch as a female title has been documented over centuries. For instance:

      • The April 15th, 1755 CE, Original Edition of A Dictionary of the English Language records Witch as the female counterpart to the male Warlock.

      • The First Edition of A Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1818) reinforces these distinctions.

    • Attempts to dismiss these facts often stem from biases or superficial reinterpretations, while Druwayu's approach is rooted in careful examination and factual clarity.

 

Roles Within Druwayu

  • The Warlock: A rational and dedicated seeker of truth. This role embodies both intellectual inquiry and moral responsibility, challenging falsehoods and providing grounded wisdom to the community. Warlocks are scholars and advisors, deeply engaged in their cultural and philosophical craft.

  • The Witch: A counselor and wisdom-seeker, Witches provide guidance grounded in reason and historical understanding. Their focus is on sharing knowledge and insight, free from mystical or occult trappings.

 

Together, these roles form a balanced approach to leadership and service within Druwayu, exemplifying harmony, truth, and dedication.

Core Values of Druwayu: Facts, Not Arbitrary Fantasy

  • Clarifying, Not Redefining: This approach involves confronting fallacies and presenting well-documented evidence, without succumbing to the biases or inaccuracies of modern reinterpretations. This is not a redefinition but a clarification rooted in historical and linguistic accuracy.

  • Rationality Over Fantasy: By stripping away "occult garbage," Druwayu creates a unique framework that fosters personal growth, integrity, and voluntary community-building without any reliance on fantastical narratives or practices.

  • Commitment to Depth and Balance: Unlike systems with shallow alignments to single domains, Druwayu integrates theology, philosophy, and science, offering a comprehensive and meaningful cultural identity.

 

Practical Applications of Druwayu

To bridge its principles with modern contexts:

  1. Guidance and Leadership:

    • Warlocks and Witches can lead philosophical discussions, mentor others, and provide counsel within their communities, embodying their roles as scholars and advisors.

  2. Voluntary Community-Building:

    • This emphasis on shared truth and integrity encourages the development of strong, harmonious communities that respect individual autonomy while prioritizing collective growth.

  3. Truth-Seeking Practices:

    • Through study groups, rational inquiry, and the examination of societal norms, Druwayu provides tools for self-improvement and intellectual engagement.

The adoption these titles are not meant to intimidate, mislead, or impose on anyone. Instead, they serve as meaningful symbols of dedication to truth, wisdom, and rational inquiry, honoring their authentic origins while rejecting any association with mysticism or deceit. So, to conclude this part:

  • Rational Reclamation and Rehabilitation: The adoption of the titles Warlock and Witch within Druwayu is a deliberate and meaningful reclamation and rehabilitation of historical and linguistic terms.

  • Intentions: These titles are not intended to intimidate, mislead, or impose on anyone.

  • Avoiding Trivialization: Their usage should never be trivialized as mere cosplay or superficial roleplay.

  • Specific to Druwayu: These titles are unique to Druwayu and represent distinct, rational roles within its cultural framework. They are separate from the identity of its adherents, known as Druans.

Other Important Notes:
 

One should be aware that many alternative titles for Warlock and Witch have been falsely claimed. These claims are often unsupported, as they rarely cite credible sources or align with historical accuracy. In many instances, the facts outright contradict their assertions. To clarify, we will isolate the most commonly claimed alternatives and demonstrate why they are indeed false. Much of this confusion arises from traditions that lack awareness of their original context or sources. Our explanations will be concise and specific for ease of reference.

Wizard

  • Origins: Derived from "Wysar," which comes from the Latin viser (to view/see), implying clarity of mind—hence "wise one."

  • Historical Reference: The term originates from the Promptorium Parvulorum (a bilingual English-Latin dictionary, circa 1440 CE).

  • Alternate Spellings: Wyser, wizer, wysard, wysarde, wisard, wissard, vizard, and wizzard.

  • Meaning Over Time: Initially applied to advisors, particularly to rulers. It later described philosophers and sages before being replaced by the term "scientist."

 

Witan

  • Origins: From Old English Witegan (witness), evolving into witnes and modern "witness."

  • Historical Reference: Found in The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church by Ælfric of Eynsham (955–1010 CE).

  • Alternate Spellings: Witega, witna, witnes, and wittig.

  • Usage: The term "witangemot" (meeting of witnesses) referred to a council akin to a jury. "Witty" originally meant educated or knowledgeable, deriving from forms like alwittigan ("all-knowing").

 

Shaman

  • Origins: From Russian shaman, German schamane, and Dutch saman, meaning "same."

  • Misrepresentation: Modern "Shamanism" is largely an invented, romanticized universal religion, based on superficial practices observed in Siberian traditions.

  • Historical Imagery: The idea was popularized by Nicolaes Witsen's 1692 woodcut of a Siberian figure dressed in animal hides, holding a drum.

 

Mage/Magic/Magi/Magician

  • Origins: From the Persian Magus (Magoosh), meaning "servant" in the sense of humility.

  • Historical Context: Though associated with Zoroastrianism, it predates it. Greco-Roman reinterpretations linked the term with mystical and occult practices.

  • Religious Adoption: The term "magi" was popularized in Christian contexts, referencing the "three wise men" of the nativity.

 

Spae

  • Origins: Derived from spä (spy), a neutral term for watching or observing, with roots in Latin specular.

  • Etymology: Spacræft ("spy craft") was viewed as treacherous, not magical. Male spies were called spaehan; female spies, spaehona.

 

Völva

  • Origins: A modern fabrication from Latin volva ("roll up" or "revolve").

  • Historical Context: The term's association with spinning women appears in Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia (1753). It is not authentic to Old Norse or Icelandic traditions.

 

Sorcerer

  • Origins: From Old Latin Sors ("lot"), referring to separating lots (stones used in voting or lotteries).

  • Gender Forms: Sorceress (feminine) and sorcerer (masculine).

  • Usage: Involved in counting votes or drawing lots, with no inherent magical connotation.

 

Witch Doctor

  • Origins: Coined as a pejorative term by Bishop Francis Hutchinson in his 1718 essay An Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft.

  • Context: Used to ridicule fake doctors, witch hunters, and heresy trials, not as a counterpart to Warlock or Witch.

What Druwayu Isn't

Pagan

  • Meaning and Origins: The term "pagan" does not mean "country dweller." Its true origin is the Latin pagus, meaning "bound one," related to pag (bound, placed, or fixed). This is the same root as "page," originally meaning a servant or slave, particularly one bound to a knight or bishop.

  • Etymological Evolution: Through French, the word evolved into "peasant," but its meaning was never tied to rural living or country life. Claims to the contrary do not withstand scrutiny.

  • Historical Misconceptions: The connection to Arcadian deity Pan stems from anecdotal interpretations propagated in the 1800s and has no historical basis.

 

Heathen

  • Literal Meaning: The word "heathen" originally referred to someone from a heath, a type of shrubland with poor soil. It was later used pejoratively to describe a "poor-quality person." Semi-nomadic groups migrating to these areas were often labeled as such.

  • Greek Origins: The term's roots trace to Greek hēdone (pleasure, delight), which was combined with pagos (bound one) to form the phrase pagos hēdone—a "slave to pleasure."

  • Figurative Usage: This term was applied to individuals seen as addicted to worldly desires, implying spiritual bondage that required liberation.

 

Mystical

  • Origins and Meaning: "Mystical" derives from the Greek múō (to close) and Latin mútus (mute), referring to silence or secrecy. It evolved through terms like mústēs (initiate) and mustikós.

  • Gesture Representation: Taken from several ancient sculptures, the common representation of mysticism is the index finger of the left hand (left hand paths associated with evil these days) over the closed mouth in a "shhh" position of the lips. Either hand or index figure can be used conveying the same meaning of "keeping a secret." 

  • Misinterpretations: Contrary to some claims, it does not mean "closed eyes"—that would be mú-ōps (eye-related). Mysticism's roots are tied to silence and inward focus rather than literal blindness.

 

Occult

  • Literal Meaning: "Occult" stems from the Latin oc (eye/sight) and celare (to conceal), meaning "hidden from sight."

  • Gesture Representation: The most common expression of this concept is one hand over the eye, right or left, so as to covey the concept that what others outside see isn't what those on the inside see.  

  • Broader Interpretations: This term originally referred to anything obscured or secret, including distractions or redirection of focus. Over time, it became associated with hidden knowledge or esoteric traditions.

  • Western Constructs: The fusion of "mystical" and "occult" in Western initiatory traditions has resulted in convoluted, incompatible ideologies that lack coherence.

 

No Connection to Voodoo

Druwayu has no connection to Voodoo in any form. This fact is undeniable, and I am indifferent to any offense taken by this statement. The term "Voodoo," as both a word and concept, is not of African origin. It was introduced through a mixture of French, Latin, and Spanish influences and was only later given an African veneer as it became a generic label for anything perceived as heretical, evil, or supernatural. For those genuinely curious, a serious and honest researcher will uncover these facts independently. This clarification focuses on etymology and foundational elements to illustrate why Druwayu is distinct and unrelated to Voodoo.

 

Etymology and Historical Origins of "Voodoo"

  • French Origins:

    • The word "Voodoo" derives from vaudoux, first mentioned around 1840 CE and later used in the 1880s in former French colonies in the United States, such as Louisiana.

    • Its ultimate origin is Vaudoi, referring to people from Vaud, Switzerland—a sect labeled heretical by the Roman Catholic Church.

  • Heretical Roots:

    • This sect reportedly originated in the 1170s, led by Peter (French: Pierre), who lived between 1140–1205 CE.

    • Deemed heretical by Roman Catholic authorities in 1215, it was part of a broader conflict as France solidified Roman Catholic dominance from the mid-700s CE onward.

  • French Terms in Voodoo Concepts:

    • Loas: Often described as spirits embodying forces of nature, the term stems from the French word lois (laws). The pronunciation ləˈwä evolved into "loa."

    • Veve: Ritual symbols used to summon Loas originate from weve (Middle English for "weave"). Many patterns are drawn from French grimoires, such as the Ars Goetia and the "Lesser Key of Solomon."

    • Good Deity (Bondye): This concept reflects French linguistic influence, combining Bon (good) and Dieu (God), rooted in Latin. It adopts occult ideas of hypostases—male and female manifestations with distinct traits—blending monotheism with pantheistic influences.

Additional Elements and Their Origins

  1. Peristyle (Central Pillar):

    • Often described as a symbolic "cosmic axis," this feature is reminiscent of European traditions like the Maypole and later linked to the concept of the World Tree.

  2. Elders (Houngan and Mambo):

    • Houngan: Derived from "Hogan," an Irish term meaning "sharp" (i.e., skilled).

    • Mambo: Originates from terms like "mom," evolving into mam-bi (mommy). It was historically used as a term for enslaved women tasked with childcare, now viewed as a pejorative.

    • Bokor: From the same root as "booker" or "bookie." Usually those who recorded numbers of crew and cargo which also included slaves. 

    • Caplata: From Latin capillatus (cap- for "head" + latus for "support"), referring to women carrying goods on their heads—a common practice still observed in parts of Africa.

Cultural Misinterpretations and Absorptions

Because the word morphed over the centuries through the French language having lost its original meaning and reference over time, the concepts associated with and absorbed into Voodoo became a playground for occultists, who introduced their own variations and integrated superficial elements into unrelated "mystery cults." These adaptations drew from European folklore, medieval demonology, and woodcut prints, creating a mishmash of traditions that frequently reinvent themselves; often referred as synchronized diaspora. The fact, remains, however, though heavily associated with African and Pan African (Black Nationalism and Ethnocentric Racism against non-Black Africans), it is not truly African in origin. The African Origin is therefore, aside from the absorbed elements, a fiction.  

Terms We Do Not Use

Druwayu avoids using certain terms often misattributed to Warlocks and Witches due to their roots in occult movements, historical inaccuracies, or cultural misconceptions. It has nothing to do with the usual modern crap term such as "cultural appropriation" which is really, and more often than not, a demand to bow before more separatist garbage and has very little to nothing to nothing to do with respecting cultures which throughout all human history do adapt and interweave and blend at some point. It's a strength, not a weakness.  Below is a breakdown of these terms:

1. No Sabbaths

  • Origin: From Hebrew Sabbat (Shab-bot), meaning "day of rest."

  • Misuse: The term "Witches' Sabbath" only emerged around 1613 and was not originally associated with witchcraft and further reinforcing more false associations of Warlocks, Witches, Jews and all others deemed heretical as part of some ridiculous collective cosmic plot and perpetuation of rampant paranoia, kind of like modern politics with less religious overtones and a whole lot more insanity and useless gibberish. 

  • Actual Meaning: A culturally specific observance in Judaism and early Christianity marking the end of the week (modern Saturday).

2. No Black Mass

  • Origin: First depicted in Florimond de Raemond's The Antichrist (1597) as a parody of the Catholic Mass.

  • Context: Used as a polemic by Catholics against Protestants, not originally tied to witchcraft.

  • Inspiration: This eventually inspired the 1963 metal band name "Black Sabbath," from a previous name "Mythology."

3. No Esbats

  • Origin: Derived from Latin a-batre (to beat) and Modern French ébat (frolic/amusement).

  • Misinterpretation: Often claimed to mean "playful gatherings," but historically a tongue-in-cheek reference to self-amusement/masturbation, not unlike the alternative term "playing with oneself/tossing off."

4. No Covens

  • Origin: From Anglo-French covent or Old French convent, meaning "religious community."

  • Misuse: The association with Warlocks and Witches only appeared in 1609 through The Masque of Queenes.

5. No Grimoires

  • Origin: French for "Grammar Book," used for teaching proper Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.

  • Misuse: Occultists later linked it to “magic books.” The term Book of Shadows originally referred to Indian practices reading omens from shadows.

 

Why This Matters

  • The most basic reason is to be better informed, properly educated and not allow us to remain stupid on purpose because its "more socially acceptable."

  • By using accurate terms and rejecting revisionism, Druwayu shows respect for cultural and historical authenticity.

  • We reject "presentism," the imposition of modern values on historical events or terms, as it creates false narratives and misrepresents previous cultures.

Historical Context

  1. Imposed Occult Philosophies:

    • Many terms misused today were popularized by occultists from the 1700s and 1800s.

    • These claims were often speculative and based on biases of the time rather than factual research.

  2. Imposed Etymology Bias:

    • Early theocratic views suggested only Hebrew, Greek, and Latin were valid linguistic sources.

    • British colonialism in India further distorted etymologies, pushing Sanskrit as a "European language."

  3. Imposed Cultural Ignorance:

    • Nationalistic biases denied the influence of Roman Latin and Greek on European dialects.

    • Many modern identities are rooted in these sources but are often ignored for the sake of fiction.

​​Drikeyu: The Three Keys – Worloga, Wyrda, and Wihas.

Key 1: Worloga (Fore Laws)

  • Pronunciation: Wore-low-uh

  • Etymology:

    • Derived from Wor/Vor/Fora/Fara (Fore) + Loga/Lagu/Laga/Lagh/Loghe (Laws).

    • Meaning: Primal Laws or Fore Laws.

  • Essence:

    • Represents eternal, unchangeable cosmic laws governing the universe.

    • Expressed through patterns, mathematics, and structures—ensuring harmony and order.

    • Mathematics embodies Worloga’s rigidity and inevitability.

  • Key Realizations:

    • Not physical but predates the physical.

    • Cannot be changed by the physical world.

    • Establishes patterns for physical existence.

    • Knowable only through observations of the physical.

 

Key 2: Wyrda (Works/Actions)

  • Pronunciation: Weerd-uh

  • Etymology:

    • Derived from various terms (wyrkh, werg, weorh, werk), meaning "Works" or "Actions."

    • Related to "word" (expression), "ward" (protection), and "worth" (value/contribution).

    • Integration with Yrkja:

      • Yrkja (Old Norse/Icelandic): Variant of Wyrda, meaning “to work or compose,” derived from Proto-Germanic Wurkijan.

      • Variants: Irga, Irgia, Urgia, all tied to effort, energy, and action.

      • Other rare forms: Irga/Irgia/Urgia represent vigorous work, effort, or energy.

  • Essence:

    • Symbolizes dynamic forces driving transformation and evolution.

    • Every action causes reactions, weaving the universe's ever-changing tapestry.

    • Flexible and adaptable, it governs creation, preservation, and renewal.

    • Wyrda informs the present through past actions and opens endless future possibilities.

  • Key Realizations:

    • Not physical, but shapes and regulates physical reality.

    • Predates the physical and reflects reciprocal dynamics.

    • Knowable only through observation of interactions in the physical world.

 

Key 3: Wihas (Life)

  • Pronunciation: Wi-haws

  • Etymology:

    • Derived from wihta, wiht, wīh, wighte (Old English for "life"), akin to Latin vita.

    • Meaning: Life or Essence of Being, also used in Wight meaning a living being.

  • Essence:

    • Represents the uncaused, eternal energy that infuses life into all existence.

    • It unites physical and spiritual realms and serves as the spark of consciousness.

    • Wihas cannot be destroyed but changes form, returning to the universal fabric.

  • Key Realizations:

    • Not physical, but it is the essence of both the physical and spiritual.

    • Predates the physical and fuels existence.

    • Knowable through observation of life's energy and interconnectivity.

Interdependence of the Keys

  1. Relationships:

    • Worloga provides the unchanging laws.

    • Wyrda drives the dynamics of creation and transformation.

    • Wihas embodies the energy and essence that fuels all life.

  2. Mutual Dependence:

    • Without Wihas, there is no life or existence.

    • Without Wyrda, Wihas remains formless and inactive.

    • Without Worloga, Wyrda lacks structure to shape Wihas.

  3. Unified Understanding:

    • Each Key reflects the necessity of the others.

    • They exist in harmony and are observable through the physical world.

Citations:

 

Worloga and Urlog: 

The concept of Orlog (Old Norse: örlög) as "Primal Law" is deeply embedded in Norse mythology and Scandinavian traditions. Here are some examples and references from ancient texts and scholarly interpretations, most of which are shoddy at best, and a failure to do deeper research into the specific languages and talking with native speakers to get the proper meaning. That said, the term Orlog (örlög) is often described vaguely as "fate" or "destiny" in many modern interpretations as that which is pre-established, but not as fate and destiny are usually applied.

  1. Etymology and Meaning:

    • The term örlög is a compound of ör (primal, original) and lög (law). It signifies the foundational laws or principles that govern existence, often described as the "first layer" upon which all reality is built.

  2. The Poetic Edda:

    • In Völuspá (The Prophecy of the Seeress), part of the Poetic Edda, the Norns are described waeving the fate of gods and men which is why they are connected to the Wyrda. Its Godan as the "All Knower" that is the source of those laws. This is another factor intentionally obscured in ancient lore. This reflects the immutable nature of Orlog as a cosmic principle.

  3. The Prose Edda:

    • Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda provides insights into the Norse worldview, where Orlog is implied as the underlying framework of fate and destiny, influencing the actions of gods and mortals alike which shows a heavy draw from Greek and Roman sources.

  4. Modern Interpretations:

    • Scholars, such as they are, often regurgitating one another's own nonsense without seeking to make sure the conclusions are reliable, interpret Orlog as the cumulative layers of actions, decisions, and consequences that form the fabric of reality.

Worloga castes aside a lot of the fallacies and properly defines these Primal Laws as eternal, immutable, and governing the structure of the universe and a directive force giving instruction to the concept of Wyrda which has also been falsely applied as meaning "fate or destiny" which shows a profound amount of laziness in the research, and a failure to comprehend the concepts. This framing aligns with the functions attributed to Orlog by ancient sources. Worloga introduces a more nuanced view, explaining that it represents the underlying structure upon which events (Wyrda) play out, rather than deterministic outcomes alone.

  1. Integration with Observations:

    • Worloga highlights that these cosmic laws are not arbitrary but observable through the natural world. This aligns with the Norse worldview, which often saw the divine and cosmic principles reflected in nature and human actions.

  2. Consistency with Icelandic Sources:

    • The concept of primal, unchangeable laws can be traced back to mythological and poetic sources, such as:

      • Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson): The cosmological descriptions implicitly align with the notion of unalterable laws shaping reality.

Worloga emphasizes design, structure, and harmony, presenting the universe as governed by patterns such as mathematical frameworks and natural laws. It restores Orlog’s essence as unchanging laws, pre-dating and shaping the physical world, rather than reducing it to abstract fate or folklore. By redefining Orlog with clarity, Worloga eliminates misconceptions and invites a deeper understanding of cosmic order.

 

Wyrda and Yrkja: 

 

The concept of Wyrd in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon culture, often reflecting the interplay between predetermined events and individual actions. Here are some key references and interpretations. It is commonly to other concepts such as fate, destiny and a misrepresentation of Karma. These are erroneous. While it is true that in the epic poem Beowulf, Wyrd is frequently mentioned as a force that governs the lives of individuals, it is also based in the concepts of reciprocity. It would be more accurate to state in Beowulf and related texts, Wyrd is used in the context of "event/action." 

  1. Beowulf: Wyrd is not merely a passive force but an active principle that interacts with and through human actions as much as circumstances showing the idea we have free will, yet its limited, reflecting the Anglo-Saxon worldview of interconnectedness between actions and consequences (cause and effect).

  2. It is more clearly expressed in dynamic circumstances outside of one's control to which one must adapt in order to survive and thrive: Beowulf (l. 455): "Gǽð á wyrd swá hío scel" ("Wyrd goes ever as it must")—an occurrence, not a process of "doing."

  3. Poetic Edda (Völuspá): The Norns' weaving of fate suggests the unyielding principles underpinning existence. The Norns weaving destiny at the Well of Urðr. Their actions illustrate the application of primal, unchanging laws that manifest in the unfolding and interweaving of "events." In other words, they observe the laws, but they do not establish them. 

  4. More or less another way of saying, "things are what they are, and things will be as they will be." This has been a main reason for the errors of equating it with "fate/destiny" or the erroneous concepts of Karma as a reward/punishment system. 

  5. This is also intimately linked as previously shown with one's reputation as interlinked with one's words and deeds to determine their worthiness of trust, or the shame their false worlds and misdeeds bring upon themselves and their people as well as immediate kin. 

Wihas and Vættir: 

 

It should be noted that it's an adapted word from Vitae as an alternative to the more native Líf, which is where the word life comes from along with all its old variations. The interconnection between the concepts are more than hearsay. This layered framework reflects the interwoven nature of life, spirituality, and sacredness in Old English, Norse, and Germanic traditions.

 

  • Wihas and Wights: Both relate to the essence of life and existence, with Wihas emphasizing the eternal energy and Wights representing manifestations of that energy in various forms.

  • Weohs and Vae: Both focus on sanctity, with Weohs leaning toward sacred objects or places and Vae covering sacred or cursed areas.

  • Vættir and Wights: Both deal with spirits or beings, but Vættir specifically refer to localized spirits tied to land or households, while Wights are a broader category.

Now, with this basic understanding one can comprehend the base meaning and association with the various figurative applications, often used in attempts (sometimes reasonably, most times not) to translate concepts back and forth, though it is well known many had resented what they viewed were their words being redefined falsely by the imposed authorities when most of these sources of information had been written down. Here are specific references to the terms Wihas, Weohs, Wights, Vae, and Vættir based on historical and mythological sources:

  1. Vættir (Land Spirits):

    • The Landvættir are prominently mentioned in the Heimskringla (Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar), where they are described as protective spirits of Iceland. The law in Úlfljótslǫg even required ships to remove their dragon-headed figureheads before approaching land to avoid scaring the landvættir.

    • The Eyrbyggja Saga also references landvættir, depicting them as spirits tied to specific locations, such as Helgafell, which was considered sacred.

  2. Wights (Supernatural Beings):

    • The term wight (Old English: wiht) is used broadly in Anglo-Saxon and Norse traditions to describe beings or creatures, both mundane and supernatural. It is etymologically linked to the Old Norse vættir and appears in various sagas and folklore.

  3. Weohs (Sacred Objects/Places):

    • The Old English term weoh or weohs refers to sacred objects or idols. It is often associated with places of worship in early Germanic paganism, as noted in archaeological studies of pre-Christian religious practices.

  4. Vae (Sacred or Cursed Places depending on who you read from):

    • While less directly documented, the term vae is likely derived from Proto-Germanic wīh, similar to weohs. It is used to describe places imbued with spiritual significance, whether sacred or ominous.

  5. Wihas (Life/Essence):

    • The concept of Wihas (Germanic Wihaz) as life or essence is tied to Old English wiht and Latin vita. It represents the indestructible energy that fuels existence, a theme echoed in Norse cosmology and Germanic traditions.

This shouldn't be all that troublesome for anyone who is serious about such subjects and following the details to their sources. Unfortunately, a lot of the garbage information really became embedded more so in the mid 1700s onward, and especially in the 1800s. It's not unlike how so many are blind to the obvious shared words álf, úlf, and olf which become elf and wolf. The connection with elves and wolves is much deeper when one actually investigates that.  You can learn more about that on the second page at the bottom of our section on Wights

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